I/O Management
- iostat: the basic workhorse utility for monitoring I/O device activity on the system. It can generate reports with a lot of information, with the precise content controlled by options. Example:
```
root@mariadb:~# iostat -xk
Linux 6.8.0-50-generic (mariadb) 01/01/2025 x86_64 (4 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.25 0.02 1.70 0.08 0.00 97.95
```
- iotop: must be run as root. It displays a table of current I/O usage and updates periodically, like top.
- I/O bound: The CPU is idle while waiting for I/O tasks to finish